Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)

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Arengus minor : Cornide, 1788 : ? (junior synonym)Ensayo de una historia de los peces y otras producciones marinas de la costa de Galicia, arreglado al sistema del Caballero Carlos Linneo. Con un tratado de las diversas pescas, y de las redes y aparejos con que se practican. | Whitehead, 1985 : 55 (synonym of Sardina pilchardus) (junior synonym)FAO species catalogue. Vol.7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies & wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae & Pristigasteridae..
Clupea harengus pilchardus : Walbaum, 1792 : 38 (senior synonym)Petri Artedi Sueci Genera piscium in quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis..
Sardina pilchardus : Troadec & Garcia, 1979 : 15-18Les ressources halieutiques de l'Atlantique centre-est. Première partie: les ressources du golfe de Guinée de l'Angola à la Mauritanie. | Fischer et al., 1981 b : 31-32, fig.FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic; Fishing area 37 and part of 47. | Whitehead, 1981 : 2 p., fig.Clupeidae. | Whitehead, 1985 : 55-57, fig.FAO species catalogue. Vol.7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies & wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae & Pristigasteridae. | Maigret & Ly, 1986 : 51Les poissons de mer de Mauritanie. | Bauchot, 1987 : 1060Poissons osseux. | Parrish et al., 1989 : 2025The monotypic sardines, Sardina and Sardinops: their taxonomy, distribution, stock structure, and zoogeography. | Al-Hassan & El-Silini, 1999 : 88Check-list of bony fishes collected from the Mediterranean coast of Benghazi, Libya. | Gaamour et al., 2004 : 48, 52, 55, 56, 60, 65Études de la biologie et de l'exploitation des petits pélagiques en Tunisie. | Amenzoui et al., 2005 : 43-49Étude de quelques aspects de la reproduction de Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) de la région de Laâyoune (Maroc). | Kada et al., 2010 : 13-15Estimation de la croissance de la sardine (Sardina pilchardus Walb., 1792) de la région centro-orientale de la Méditerranée marocaine à l'aide de l'étude des otolithes. | Séret & Opic, 2011 : 98-100, fig.Poissons de mer de l'ouest Africain tropical. | Lavoué et al., 2013 : 4, 6, 8, 10Mitogenomic evidence for an Indo-West Pacific origin of the Clupeoidei (Teleostei: Clupeiformes). | Munroe, 2016 b : 1734, fig.Order Clupeiformes: Clupeidae. | Akel & Karachie, 2017 : 38The marine ichthyofauna of Egypt. | Elbaraasi et al., 2018 : 92Updated checklist of bony fishes along the Libyan coast (southern Mediterranean Sea). | Mehanna & Farouk, 2021 : 3, 5 (as Sardina pilchrdus)Length-weight relationship of 60 fish species from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Egypt (GFCM-GSA 26)..
Clupanodon sardina : Risso, 1826 : 451 (junior synonym)Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale, et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. | Whitehead, 1985 : 55 (synonym of Sardina pilchardus) (junior synonym)FAO species catalogue. Vol.7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies & wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae & Pristigasteridae..
Clupea sardina : Cuvier, 1829 : 319 (junior synonym)Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée, nouvelle édition. | Whitehead, 1985 : 55 (synonym of Sardina pilchardus) (junior synonym)FAO species catalogue. Vol.7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies & wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae & Pristigasteridae..
Clupea laticosta : Lowe, 1843 : 90 (junior synonym)Notices of fishes newly observed or discovered in Madeira during the years 1840, 1841, and 1842. | Whitehead, 1985 : 55 (synonym of Sardina pilchardus) (junior synonym)FAO species catalogue. Vol.7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies & wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae & Pristigasteridae..
Sardina dobrogica : Antipa, 1906 : 302 (junior synonym)Die Clupeinen des westlichen Teiles des Schwarzen Meeres und der Donaumündungen. | Whitehead, 1985 : 55 (synonym of Sardina pilchardus) (junior synonym)FAO species catalogue. Vol.7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies & wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae & Pristigasteridae..
Clupea pilchardus : Whitehead, 1969 a : 266 (synonym of Sardina pilchardus) (senior synonym)The clupeid fishes described by Bloch and Schneider. | Whitehead, 1985 : 55 (synonym of Sardina pilchardus) (senior synonym)FAO species catalogue. Vol.7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies & wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae & Pristigasteridae..
Sardina pilchardus sarsdina : Kartas, 1981 : 209-252, 501-569 (junior synonym)Les Clupeidés de Tunisie. Caractéristqiue biométriques et biiologiques. Étude compare des populations de l'Atlantique et de la Méditerranée..

Attributs

DISTRIBUTION: Lien Faunafri
Colour pattern : Fischer et al., 1981b | Munroe, 2016b | Whitehead, 1981 .
Common names : Sardin mabroum (Arabic: Libya), Sardin'asali (Arabic: Algeria), Sardina (Arabic: Egypt / Morocco / Tunisia), Sardine (Arabic: Algeria), Sardine ourobi (Arabic: Egypt), Sardina (Catalan), European pilchard / Pilchard / Sardine / True sardine (English), Sardine / Sardine commune / Sardine d'Europe (French), Pilchard / Sardine (German), Cicinnelli jaculilli / Faloppe / Gianchetto / Gianchettu vestiu / Majatica / Melelle / Nunnata / Paasetta / Palassiola / Parasina / Pesantone / Putina / Renga / Rengheta / Sadda / Sadduzza / Saldina / Saraca / Saraghina / Sard / Sarda / Sarda 'mperiali / Sarda fimminedda / Sardedda / Sardeja / Sardela / Sardella / Sardella de scaia : Sardena / Sardenna / Sardina (Italian), Sardinha / Sardinopa-chilena (Portuguese), Majuga / Parrocha / Sardina / Sardina europea / Xouba (Spanish) .
Condition / length-weight relationship : Gaamour et al., 2004 | Kartas, 1981 .
Current distribution known : present in the northeastern Atlantic from the North Sea, southward to Bay de Gorée, Senegal. In the Eastern Central Atlantic, this species occurs off southern Morocco, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde and since 1970 it has occurred further south to the northern coasts of Mauritania (Cape Timiris), with individuals caught as far south as Bay de Gorée, Senegal. This is a very common and widespread species in the Mediterranean Sea .
Distribution_references : Fischer et al., 1981b | Munroe, 2016b | Whitehead, 1981 | Whitehead, 1985 .
Fisheries / overfishing : Bauchot, 1987 | Fischer et al., 1981b | Gaamour et al., 2004 | Troadec & Garcia, 1979 | Whitehead, 1981 | Whitehead, 1985 .
Food habits / trophic level : feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans, also on larger organisms .
Food habits / trophic level_references : Bauchot, 1987 | Fischer et al., 1981b | Munroe, 2016b | Whitehead, 1981 | Whitehead, 1985 .
Genetics : Lavoué et al., 2013 .
Growth / growth performance : Kada et al., 2010 | Kartas, 1981 .
Habitat / home range : a pelagic, oceanodromous and littoral species. It forms schools, usually at depths between 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night .
Habitat_references : Bauchot, 1987 | Fischer et al., 1981b | Munroe, 2016b | Whitehead, 1981 | Whitehead, 1985 .
Migration / movement : Bauchot, 1987 .
Morphology / anatomy : Bauchot, 1987 | Fischer et al., 1981b | Kartas, 1981 | Lowe, 1843 | Munroe, 2016b | Séret & Opic, 2011 | Whitehead, 1981 | Whitehead, 1985 .
Phylogeny : Lavoué et al., 2013 .
Reproduction : sexual maturity occurs at ages two and three, and length at first maturity is estimated to be 14.8 cm. The spawning season differs according to subpopulations. Spawning occurs in the open sea or near the coast, producing 50,000-60,000 eggs per female, each egg with a diameter of 1.5 mm .
Reproduction_references : Amenzoui et al., 2005 | Bauchot, 1987 | Fischer et al., 1981b | Gaamour et al., 2004 | Kartas, 1981 | Munroe, 2016b | Whitehead, 1981 | Whitehead, 1985 .
Size : 275 mm SL .
Types :
- Arengus minor Cornide, 1788: no information available.
- Clupanodon sardina Risso, 1826: 451. Type locality: Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known.
- Clupea harengus pilchardus Walbaum, 1792: 38. Type locality: Cornwall, England, northeastern Atlantic. No types known. Neotype designated by Fricke 1999: 20 (SMNS 20570).
- Clupea laticosta Lowe, 1843: 90. Type locality: Off Madeira. No types known.
- Clupea sardina Cuvier, 1829: 319. Britain; Mediterranean Sea. No types known.
- Sardina dobrogica, Antipa, 1904: 302. Type locality: Black Sea, Romania. No types known.
Use and trade : a species with high commercial importance. Marketed fresh, frozen or canned. Also utilized dried or salted and smoked. It does not have a particularly high value and it is eaten but often used as bait or fish food .