Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782)

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Clupea cyprinoides : Broussonet, 1782 a : pl. 9 (senior synonym)Ichthyologia, sistens piscium descriptiones et icones. | Bloch, 1797 e : 24, pl. 403 (senior synonym)Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des poissons. Avec des figures enluminées dessinées d'apres nature. | Valenciennes, 1846 b : 385 (senior synonym)Histoire naturelle des poissons. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (senior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Megalops cyprinoides : Bleeker, 1866 a : 290, pl. 270, fig. 4Sur la pluralité des espèces Indo-archipélagiques du genre Megalops (Lacép.). | Günther, 1868 : 471Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, volume 7 : Physostomi. | Bleeker, 1874 b : 102Révision des espèces d' Ambassis et de Parambassis de l'Inde Archipélagique. | Day, 1875 : 650, pl. 159, fig. 3The fishes of India ; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma and Ceylon. Text and atlas in 4 parts. | Sauvage, 1891 b : 497, pl. 49 A, fig. 3Histoire naturelle des Poissons. | Pfeffer, 1896 : 70Die Fische Ost Afrikas. In Deutsch Ost-Afrika : Band III. | Boulenger, 1905 c : 37A list of freshwater fishes of Africa. | Boulenger, 1909 a : 28, fig. 19Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British Museum (Natural History). | Pellegrin, 1922 j : 418Les poissons des eaux douces de la région Madécasse. | Pellegrin, 1932 b : 225Poissons de Madagascar recueillis par M. Waterlot. Description d'une variété nouvelle. | Pellegrin, 1932 c : 292Poissons de Madagascar recueillis par M. Decary. Description d'une variété nouvelle. | Pellegrin, 1933 a : 49, fig. 33Les poissons des eaux douces de Madagascar et des Îles voisines (Comores, Seychelles, Mascareignes). | Pellegrin, 1934 a : 427La faune ichthyologique des eaux douces de Madagascar. | Barnard, 1947 : 3g, pl. 5, fig. 8A pictorial guide to South African Fishes, marine and freshwater. | Kiener, 1961 c : 45, fig. 53Poissons malgaches. Liste de noms malgaches de poissons d'eau douce, d'eaux saumâtres et d'espèces euryhalines (2-3). | Kiener, 1963 a : 23, 27Poissons, pêche et pisciculture à Madagascar. | Breder & Rosen, 1966 : 75, 628-629Modes of reproduction in fishes. | Kiener, 1966 a : 1122Contribution à l'étude écologique et biologique des eaux saumâtres malgaches. Les poissons euryhalins et leur rôle dans le développement des pêches. | Jubb, 1967 a : 192Freshwater fishes of southern Africa. | Monod, 1968 b : 210Le complexe urophore des poissons téléostéens. | Greenwood, 1970 b : 121, fig. 2 A, pl. 1-2Skull and swimbladder connections in fishes of the family Megalopidae. | Fowler, 1973 : 97A catalog of World fishes (18). | Bruton & Kok, 1980 : 213, fig. 3The freshwater fishes of Maputaland. | Daget, 1984 d : 32-337. Megalopidae. | Whitehead, 1984 : 1 p., fig.Megalopidae. | Bianchi, 1985 : 3FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water species of Tanzania. | Doucette, 1985 : 33, 35Karyology of lower teleost fishes (Clupeiformes, Taxonomy, Elopiformes, Phylogeny). | Bell-Cross & Minshull, 1988 : 91-92The fishes of Zimbabwe. | Doucette & Fitzsimons, 1988 : 127Karyology of elopiform and clupeiform fishes. | Fischer et al., 1990 : 144, fig., XXIX-122Fichas FAO de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca. Guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de aguas salobras de Moçambique. | Robins et al., 1991 : 26World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. | Torres, 1991 : 52Tabular data on marine fishes from Southern Africa, Part I. Length-weight relationships. | Eccles, 1992 : 32, 117, fig.FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water species of Tanzania. | Skelton, 1993 b : 102-103A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. | van der Elst, 1993 : 253A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. | Stiassny & Raminosoa, 1994 : 139The fishes of the inland waters of Madagascar. | Poll & Gosse, 1995 : 85Genera des poissons d'eau douce de l'Afrique. | Okeyo, 1998 : 47Updating names, distribution and ecology of riverine fish of Kenya in the Athi-Galana-Sabaki River drainage system. | Skelton, 2001 : 102-103A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. | Seegers et al., 2003 : 30Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Kenya (excluding the lacustrine haplochromines from Lake Victoria)..
Clupea thrissoides (part.) : Schneider, 1801 : 424 (junior synonym)See Bloch & Schneider. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Megalops filamentosus : Lacépède, 1803 : 289, pl. 13, fig. 3 (junior synonym)Histoire naturelle des poissons. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Cyprinodon cundinga : Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822 : 254, 283 (junior synonym)An account of the fishes found in the River Ganges and its branches. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Megalops setipinnis : Richardson, 1843 : 493 (junior synonym)Contribution to the ichthyology of Australia. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Megalops curtifilis : Richardson, 1846 a : 310 (junior synonym)Report on the ichthyology of the seas of China and Japan. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Megalops indicus : Valenciennes, 1846 b : 388, pl. 576 (junior synonym)Histoire naturelle des poissons. | Bleeker, 1852 a : 15 (junior synonym)Bijdrage tot de kennis der Chirocentroidei, Lutodeiri, Butirini, Elopes, Notopteri, Salmones, Echeneoidei en Ophidini van den Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. | Bertin, 1940 : 260 (junior synonym)Catalogue des types de poissons du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 2e partie. (Dipneustes, Chondrostéens, Holostéens, Isospondyles). | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Elops cundinga : Cantor, 1849 : 1271 (junior synonym)Catalogue of Malayan fishes. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Megalops macrophthalmus : Bleeker, 1851 c : 421 (junior synonym)Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Megalops, Dussumieria, Notopterus en Astronesthes. | Bleeker, 1852 a : 15 (junior synonym)Bijdrage tot de kennis der Chirocentroidei, Lutodeiri, Butirini, Elopes, Notopteri, Salmones, Echeneoidei en Ophidini van den Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. | Whitehead et al., 1966 : 23, pl. 2, fig. 1 (junior synonym)The types of Bleeker's Indo-Pacific Elopoid and Clupeoid fishes. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Megalops cundinga : Day, 1865 a : 310 (junior synonym)On the fishes of Cochin, on the malabar coast of India. Part 2. Anacanthini. | Bleeker, 1866 a : 288, pl. 274, fig. (junior synonym)Sur la pluralité des espèces Indo-archipélagiques du genre Megalops (Lacép.). | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Megalops oligolepis : Bleeker, 1866 a : 292 (junior synonym)Sur la pluralité des espèces Indo-archipélagiques du genre Megalops (Lacép.). | Whitehead et al., 1966 : 26 (junior synonym)The types of Bleeker's Indo-Pacific Elopoid and Clupeoid fishes. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Megalops macropterus : Bleeker, 1866 a : 284, pl. 273, fig. 2 (junior synonym)Sur la pluralité des espèces Indo-archipélagiques du genre Megalops (Lacép.). | Whitehead et al., 1966 : 24 (junior synonym)The types of Bleeker's Indo-Pacific Elopoid and Clupeoid fishes. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Elops cyprinoides : Playfair & Günther, 1866 : 122 (senior synonym)The fishes of Zanzibar with a list of the fishes of the whole east coast of Africa. | Peters, 1868 a : 92 (senior synonym)Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique auf Befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV in Jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt. Zoologie. IV. Flussfische. | Arnoult, 1959 b : 11 (senior synonym)Poissons des eaux douces. | Kiener, 1963 a : 70, pl. 35 (senior synonym)Poissons, pêche et pisciculture à Madagascar. | Daget, 1984 d : 32 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (senior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Brisbania staigeri : Castelnau (de), 1878 c : 241, pl. 3 (junior synonym)Australian fishes. New or little known species. | Daget, 1984 d : 33 (synonym of Megalops cyprinoides) (junior synonym)7. Megalopidae..
Elops Megalops cyprinoides : Arnoult, 1959 b : 11 (senior synonym)Poissons des eaux douces..

Attributs

DISTRIBUTION: Lien Faunafri
Aquaculture_farming : cultured in ponds, the fry being sourced from the coasts .
Breathing / respiration : obligate air-breathing .
Chromosomes : Doucette, 1985 | Doucette & Fitzsimons, 1988 .
Common names : Osoog-tarpon (Afrikaans), Bourgandet / Mandecdec (Creole, French: Mauritius), Tarpon indicky (Czech), Stillehavstarpon (Danish), Bastard mullet (English: South Africa), Broussonet tarpon / Indo-Pacific tarpon / Oxeye / Oxeye tarpon / Tarpon / Ten-pounder (English), Indopatsiifiline tarpon (Estonian), Pikkutarponi (Finnish), Alose / Lubine (French: Seychelles), Tarpon / Tarpon Indo-Pacifique (French), Indopazifischer Tarpun / Pazifischer tarpun (German), Makosa (Malagasy), Bekalana / Bokalana (Malagasy, Betsimisaraka: Madagascar), Bekapoka / Besisika (Malagasy, Sakalava: Madagascar), Tazanda (Pokomo: Kenya), Tarpon indyjski (Polish), Tarpao do Indo-pacifico (Portuguese), Indo-tikhookeanskiy tarpon (Russian), Ulàwa (Sena: Mozambique), Dooldool / Samaduul (Somali: Somalia), Tarpon del Indo-Pacífico / Tarpón Indo-Pacífico (Spanish), Cheche / Pawale (Swahili: Tanzania), Stillahavstarpon (Swedish) .
Condition / length-weight relationship : Torres Jr, 1991 .
Current distribution known : occurs throughout the Indo-West Pacific, including South Africa (Natal), East Africa (Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi), Madagascar, the Mascarene Basin, and Seychelles. I has been reported in Zimbabwe from the Save-Runde junction, and as far inland as the lower Shire in Malawi. This species is also widespread in the Lower Zambezi River channels north to Marromeu and in the Micelo River north to Malingapanzi .
Distribution_references : Skelton, 1993b | Skelton, 2001 .
Food habits : predaceous, feeding mainly on fishes and crustaceans .
Food habits_references : Bianchi, 1985 | Skelton, 1993b | Skelton, 2001 .
Habitat / home range : adults are generally found at sea, but young inhabit river mouths, inner bays, and mangrove forests. In freshwater, they occur in rivers, lagoons, lakes, and swampy backwaters. Tolerate a wide pH range (5.2-9.1) and salinities from 0 to 100. Mainly diurnal. Juveniles commonly enter freshwater in clear or turbid water .
Habitat_references : Bianchi, 1985 | Eccles, 1992 | Skelton, 1993b | Skelton, 2001 .
Morphology / anatomy : Greenwood, 1970 b | Skelton, 1993b | Skelton, 2001 .
Reproduction : breeds offshore, possibly throughout the year. Larvae are transparent and resemble larval eels, but with a forked tail .
Reproduction_references : Breder & Rosen, 1966 | Skelton, 1993b | Skelton, 2001 .
Size : 1500 mm TL; known to live up to 44 years .
Types :
- Brisbania staigeri Castelnau (de), 1878: 241, pl. 3. Type locality: "Upper part of the Brisbane River". Type apparently not preserved.
- Clupea cyprinoides Broussonet, 1782: pl. 9. Type locality: "in aqua dulci stagnante in insula Tanna Oceani Pacifici", New Hebrides. Description and figure based on Forster's specimens only (see Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846: 385). Type(s) lost.
- Clupea thrissoides (part.) Schneider in Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 424. Type locality: "habitat in mari Atlantico et Pacifico". A substitute for Clupea cyprinoides.
- Cyprinodon cundinga Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822: 254, 283. Type locality: "salt water estuaries of Ganges River". No type.
- Megalops curtifilis Richardson, 1846: 310. Type locality: "Chinese Seas". Described from a Reeves's drawing.
- Megalops filamentosus Lacépède, 1803: 289, pl. 13, fig. 3. Type locality: "environs du fort Dauphin de l'isle de Madagascar". No type.
- Megalops indicus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846: 388, pl. 576. Type locality: "Grand Océan Indien". Syntypes MNHN n° 3594 to 3597, 3601 to 3606 and 4596 to 4597.
- Megalops macrophthalmus Bleeker, 1851 c: 421. Type locality: "Batavia, in mari et fluviis". Holotype BMNH n° 1867.11.28: 68, paratype RMNH n° 7136.
- Megalops macropterus Bleeker, 1866: 284, pl. 273, fig. 2. Type locality: "Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Bintang, Celebes, Amboina". Lectotype BMNH n° 1867.11.28: 69 (selected by Whitehead et al., 1966); paralectotypes (3) RMNH n° 7134.
- Megalops oligolepis Bleeker, 1866: 292. Type locality: probably Penang. Type(s) lost.
- Megalops setipinnis Richardson, 1843: 493. Type locality: "brackish lagoons, Port Essington", Australia. Syntypes BMNH n° 1964.11.6: 14 (skin).
Use and trade : popular angling fish. Edible but not esteemed. Caught by gill nets, seines, and trawls, and by hook-and-line; marketed fresh and dried salted .