Elops machnata (Forsskål, 1775)

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Argentina machnata : Forsskål, 1775 : 68 (senior synonym)Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit. | Klausewitz & Nielsen, 1965 : 25, pl. 36 (junior synonym)On Forskal's collection of fishes in the zoological museum of Copenhage. | Daget, 1984 c : 30 (synonym of Elops machnata) (senior synonym)6. Elopidae..
Elops machnata : Rüppell, 1835 : 80, 84Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres. | Regan, 1909 : 39A revision of the fishes of the genus Elops. | Regan, 1910 : 354The caudal fin of the Elopidae and of some other Teleostean fishes. | Pellegrin, 1922 j : 418Les poissons des eaux douces de la région Madécasse. | Pellegrin, 1933 a : 48, fig. 32Les poissons des eaux douces de Madagascar et des Îles voisines (Comores, Seychelles, Mascareignes). | Pellegrin, 1934 a : 427La faune ichthyologique des eaux douces de Madagascar. | Arnoult, 1959 b : 10Poissons des eaux douces. | Kiener, 1961 c : 65, fig. 73Poissons malgaches. Liste de noms malgaches de poissons d'eau douce, d'eaux saumâtres et d'espèces euryhalines (2-3). | Whitehead, 1962 d : 328The species of Elops (Pisces, Elopidae). | Kiener, 1963 a : 70, pl. 35Poissons, pêche et pisciculture à Madagascar. | Kiener, 1966 a : 1122Contribution à l'étude écologique et biologique des eaux saumâtres malgaches. Les poissons euryhalins et leur rôle dans le développement des pêches. | Whitfield & Blaber, 1978 : 188Feeding ecology of piscivorous birds at Lake St. Lucia. Part 1. Diving birds. | Daget, 1984 c : 30-316. Elopidae. | Robins et al., 1991 : 26World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. | Eccles, 1992 : 32, 117, fig.FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water species of Tanzania. | van der Elst, 1993 : 193A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. | Stiassny & Raminosoa, 1994 : 139The fishes of the inland waters of Madagascar. | Whitfield, 1994 : 261Abundance of larval and 0+ juvenile marine fishes in the lower reaches of three southern African estuaries with differing freshwater inputs. | Harrison, 2001 : 46Length-weight relationships of fishes from South African estuaries. | Adams et al., 2013 : 282, 284, 289, 294, 295, 296, 299Global conservation status and research needs for tarpons (Megalopidae), ladyfishes (Elopidae) and bonefishes (Albulidae). | Freeman & Kristmundsson, 2015 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11Histozoic myxosporeans infecting the stomach wall of elopiform fishes represent a novel lineage, the Gastromyxidae. | Ramanadevi & Thangaraj, 2015 : 282-288Comparative phylogenetic study of four genes of mitochondrial genome in tenpounder fishes (Order: Elopiformes). | de Sousa et al., 2022 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8Exploring the diversity of Elopidae (Teleostei; Elopiformes) using DNA barcoding analysis..
Elops capensis : Smith, 1849 : pl. 7 (junior synonym)Pisces. | Castelnau (de), 1861 : 67 (junior synonym)Mémoire sur les poissons de l'Afrique australe. | Regan, 1909 : 39 (junior synonym)A revision of the fishes of the genus Elops. | Daget, 1984 c : 30 (synonym of Elops machnata) (junior synonym)6. Elopidae..
Elops saurus (non Linnaeus, 1766) : Bleeker & Pollen, 1875 : 102 (misapplied)Recherches sur la faune de Madagascar et de ses dépendances d'après les découvertes de Francois P. L. Pollen et D. C. van Dam. Pt. 4. Poissons de Madagascar et de l'Île de la Réunion. | Sauvage, 1891 b : 497, pl. 49 B, fig. 4 (misapplied)Histoire naturelle des Poissons. | Boulenger, 1905 c : 37 (misapplied)A list of freshwater fishes of Africa. | Osorio, 1909 Peixes d'Agua Doce da Guine Portugueza. | Barnard, 1947 : 38, pl. 5, fig. 6 (misapplied)A pictorial guide to South African Fishes, marine and freshwater. | Daget, 1984 c : 30 (synonym of Elops machnata) (misapplied)6. Elopidae..
Elops saurus (non Linnaeus, 1766) (part.) : Boulenger, 1909 a : 25, fig. 17 (misapplied)Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British Museum (Natural History). | Boulenger, 1916 a : 152 (misapplied)Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British Museum (Natural History). | Fowler, 1973 : 101 (misapplied)A catalog of World fishes (18). | Daget, 1984 c : 30 (synonym of Elops machnata) (misapplied)6. Elopidae..

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Common names : Springer (Afrikaans), Lubine male (Creole, French), Elops indooceansky (Czech), Tipunder (Danish), Big-eye giant herring / Big-eye herring / Bony fish / Ladyfish / River skipjack / Springer / Tempounder / Tenpounder / Whole sardine (English), Indopatsiifiline elops (Estonian), Gande écaille / Guinée saumon / Tarpon (French), Lingolingo / Moanjy (Malagasy, Sakalava), Elops indyjski (Polish), Fateixa (Portuguese), Ilweyn (Somali: Somalia), Malacho salmon (Spanish), Hanisi / Hanithi / Kihanisi / Mkizi (Swahili: Tanzania) .
Condition / length-weight relationship : Harrison, 2001 .
Current distribution known : distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from the Red Sea to East Africa South Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (extinct in Réunion) east to Philippines .
Food habits / trophic level : feeds on fish, crustaceans and molluscs .
Genetics : Ramanadevi & Thangaraj, 2013. .
Habitat / home range : inhabits shallow coastal areas and commonly enter estuaries, particularly larger subtropical estuaries which are permanently open .
Habitat_references : Eccles, 1992 .
Osteology : Regan, 1910 .
Parasites : Freeman & Kristmundsson, 2015 .
Phylogeny : de Sousa et al., 2022 | Ramanadevi & Thangaraj, 2013. .
Reproduction : probably spawns at sea, but the transparent larvae migrate to inshore areas and are often found in brackish water .
Size : 1180 mm FL .
Types :
- Argentina machnata Forskäl, 1775: 68. Type locality: "Djiddae", Red Sea. Holotype ZMUC n° 65.
- Elops capensis Smith, 1849: pl. 7. Type locality: "Cape of Good Hope". Type(s) lost.
Use and trade : in South Africa, this species is an important component of estuarine sport anglers' catches; caught by subsistence and artisanal fishers using fish traps and gill-nets .